Chapter 10.2 DLIWC Monterey 1969-1971

 

Chapter 10.1 Basic Training October-December 1969 ver. 20230709

Chapter 10. ARMY YEARS (1969-1973) ver. 20230709

 

Trinity College and Student Unrest, 1964-1969. Excerpt from Draft Chapter 8.5 Trinity College, Junior Year 1967-1968 ver. 20240909

 

Trinity College and Student Unrest, 1964-1969

Excerpt from Draft Chapter 8.5
Trinity College, Junior Year 1967-1968

Trinity, Demonstrations and Student Unrest.
The sixties were a turbulent period on most college campuses, and Trinity was no exception. As a member in good standing of the "Little Ivy League," Trinity had a good academic reputation, but for all that, it was known more as a party school than a haven for disaffected intellectuals.  Before the 1960's, Trinity had been a relatively quiet place where most students focused either on getting good grades or finding good parties.  For most students, a road trip was a much more likely weekend diversion than a political demonstration.  Even after the first stirrings of student unrest began as the Vietnam War escalated, Trinity remained a conservative school at its base, and it was not in the forefront of the student movement, unlike places like Columbia or Berkeley.

An Intemperate Protest.
It might be considered appropriate, therefore, that Trinity's first demonstration of the 1960's was not over the rights of downtrodden minorities or the Vietnam War. It was instead a virtual riot against Trinity College's President, Dr. Albert Jacobs, who in the fall of 1964 had very ill-advisedly banned liquor at fraternity and college mixers. Shortly after the shocking news spread among the student body, about 300 irate fratboys gathered in front of the President's House chanting “We Shall Overcome!,” “We want booze!,” and “Transfer!” Jacobs eventually backed off from his anti-alcohol pronunciamento and campus life returned to normal, i.e., to non-stop partying on the weekends.

The Bad Food Saga.
In 1965, just before I arrived for my Freshman Year, there was a demonstration of a similar sort, this time against the truly execrable food served in the college cafeteria at Mather Hall. Students boycotted the cafeteria, which was run by a dubious outfit known as “Saga Food Service,” until the Dean of Administration, Leonard Tomat, received promises from Saga that food quality would improve. By the time I got there, people were again using the cafeteria, but I usually preferred the Cave, a snack bar that was also in Mather Hall, or one of the many fast food restaurants, like Friendly's or ABC Pizza, that surrounded the college. Later on, as an upperclassman, I was able to eat at Hamlin Hall.  I found the food there even worse than Mather Hall's pedestrian fare, improbable as that may seem.

Anti-War Demonstrations.
Trinity entered the era of political awareness in 1965 with the first stirrings of student protests against the Vietnam War and the establishment of a chapter of the SDS (Students for a Democratic Society) in 1966. From the beginning, as a person who took a very conservative line on foreign policy, I was not in sympathy with the Vietnam protestors.  Their demonstrations were pretty feeble in any case when compared to those on other campuses. I did, however, observe the demonstrations
and speeches just out of curiosity. For example, when Carl Oglesby, the SDS national President, spoke at Trinity in February 1966, I attended.  I was not particularly impressed. My own feeling was that, despite the idealistic student declarations of the time, the overwhelming majority of students were more concerned about getting drafted than they were about our policy in Vietnam. Truth be told, I doubt if many of them could have even found Vietnam on a map. This feeling on my part was borne out by the history of the anti-war movement at Trinity, which rose and fell to the degree that students were getting drafted after college. With the beginning of the draft lottery in December 1969, and the end of the draft itself in 1973, the driving force behind student activism ceased. Trinity’s SDS chapter closed down in 1970.

Sleepwalking Through History. 

I was not politically active while at college, and in many ways walked around in a comforting cocoon of non-involvement in campus political and social life.  I wanted to keep my privacy and was getting more enthusiastic about my studies, and that was enough for me.  

Trinity Chapel (Author in Shadow)

All the same, however, even I participated in some activities.  In my Sophomore Year, I joined the Revitalization Corps, a kind of domestic Peace Corps that did social work in the poorer areas of Hartford and New Haven.  Paradoxically, at around the same time I also briefly toyed with the idea of joining the right-wing Young Americans for Freedom.  I decided against the latter, however, after concluding that the organization was not particularly effective or rational.  Instead, I oscillated between the Young Republicans and Young Democrats and eventually gave up on both.

In early March 1968, I read the Kerner Commission Report that had been mandated by President Johnson to get to the root causes of the 1967 riots in major U.S. cities. The report’s main conclusions, which were that "Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal," that the main cause of the violence was white racism, and further suggested major programs to redress the balance between the races, was most unwelcome to President Johnson, and the report was shelved. As for me, I “read” the report, but did not fully absorb its lessons. Looking back on that time, I can see now that I spent the first part of my life sleepwalking through history, oblivious to many of the changes happening around me.

This was particularly true of race relations. I had been born in the segregated South, grew up in a lily-white suburb of St. Louis, went to all-white grade schools, and a prep school whose students were white and male, and then had gone to college at Trinity, a 99% white and male educational institution that was physically cut off from the town that surrounded it. Isolation was easy, thinking was hard.

And so, while I observed many of the tumultuous events of 1968, including the Tet Offensive in Vietnam which began in January and unmasked the failure of our strategy there, the withdrawal of President Johnson from the Presidential race in late March in recognition of his growing unpopularity, the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. that sparked an enormous outpouring of grief by the black community and even more serious riots than before, the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. on June 30 that fundamentally changed the presidential race and sunk Democratic hopes, and finally, the election of Richard M. Nixon as President on November 5, a development that altered forever the direction of our country, it was all too easy for me not to make the necessary connections or to understand the significance of everything that was happening. I saw the trees, but not the forest.  

Gene McCarthy and Political Activism.

In early 1968, I did become an enthusiastic, but rather passive supporter of Senator Gene McCarthy, less for his anti-war rhetoric than for his erudite, soft-spoken, and matter-of-fact style of campaigning. As usual, I was not exactly sure why I was doing what I was doing, I was just swept along by the currents of the times. It helped that McCarthy was more of a poet than a politician.  Prior to the March 12 New Hampshire primary Senator McCarthy was speaking all over New England and I joined a group of Trinity students to greet him at Bradley Airport where he held an impromptu rally.  He gave his usual calm and reasoned speech – hardly a stemwinder, but everyone was enthused about him anyway.  McCarthy ran so well in New Hampshire that President Lyndon Johnson was persuaded not to run for re-election.  Later, a rumor circulated around Trinity that many of the people in New Hampshire who had voted for Gene McCarthy had thought that they were voting for Joe McCarthy instead.  I normally wouldn't put anything past the American electorate, but even to me, this seemed a bit far-fetched.

Scholarships for “Negroes.”
Trinity's first and only true civil rights demonstration of any size took place on April 23-24, 1968, when 168 students briefly blockaded the trustees in their meeting room at Williams Memorial and demanded $150,000 in Trinity College scholarships for inner-city African-Americans. 

The demonstration had been preceded by widespread outrage at the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4. There were massive riots in several American cities and disorders on many college campuses. At Trinity itself, one of the more left-wing faculty members, Dr. James Gardner, staged a three-day hunger strike, sitting in a tent on the Quad and proclaiming that he was “bearing witness.” There had also been numerous heated meetings between students, faculty, and college administrators, and the general perception had grown among students that the trustees were dragging their feet on real reform in Trinity’s admissions policies, which still favored those who were white and well off.

Typically, even though I lived in Jarvis 27 at the time, which was right on the Quad, and several of my friends participated in the sit-in at Williams Memorial, I was oblivious to its purpose. I thought it was just another anti-war demonstration that had gotten out of hand. Some of my underclassmen friends, however, like Nick Booth, participated in the sit-in and began spouting all kinds of radical jargon. It was as if they had all suddenly gone nuts. I didn’t trouble myself at the time to figure out what all the fuss was about.

Williams Memorial 

As for the demonstration itself, everything was settled amicably.  After a few hours, the trustees were allowed to leave, while the demonstrators continued their sit-in, led by TAN, the Trinity Association of Negroes. I did not know it at the time, but there were only about 20 African-American students at Trinity. They did not move in my circle, and I was not even aware of them. In fact, the only black student I knew was not an African-American, but fellow classmate Ebrima K. “Ebou” Jobarteh, a student from Gambia. I don’t think Ebou knew any of the American black students either. It was a curious situation, to say the least.

SDS strongly supported the sit-in, but not out of great concern over civil rights.  Instead, SDS began maneuvering to use student outrage to boost support for its own activities opposing the Vietnam war.  This culminated in a general meeting at Mather Hall auditorium during which SDS leaders tried to whip up sentiment for more anti-war demonstrations.  I considered the SDS leadership to be self-serving and egotistical, and I think that in the end most of my classmates came to agree with me. In any case, the Williams Memorial sit-in was never allowed to get out of control, and reason prevailed among students, faculty and administrators. In particular, the students soon realized that it was a mistake to blockade the trustees, and so they let them go.  The administration had briefly considered calling in the Hartford police, but in the end decided to de-escalate by using campus security to cordon off the demonstration area.

Eventually, the students called off their sit-in and a scholarship fund was set up – something that had, in fact, already been agreed to before the demonstration had begun. It was suggested initially that the six ringleaders of the protest be expelled, but in the end, after much debate among the students, faculty and trustees, little if anything was done by way of punishment for any of the 168 demonstrators. I would have been for stern measures for the ringleaders, such as expulsion, and lesser penalties for the rest, had I been paying any attention at all, but realism prevailed among those actually charged with making the decision. After all, Trinity ran on money, and expelling students en masse was a sure path to bankruptcy. Reports from local newspapers claimed that Trinity was paralyzed during the two days of demonstrations. If so, I never noticed. My days were the same, and my classes continued as before.

The Hartford Courant, in an editorial, later claimed that the whole demonstration, and especially the blockading of the trustees, was a “harebrained idea” that reflected badly on the students who took part in it. Dr. George Cooper, the head of Trinity's History Department, came closer to the mark, I believe, when he called the protesters “Dude Ranch Moralists” who lacked a real understanding of the issues about which they were demonstrating. While I sympathized with the higher motives of some of the protestors, at the time I couldn’t have agreed with Dr. Cooper more.

In the final analysis, Trinity remained true to its conservative roots. The demonstration of April 23-24 was but a pale reflection of the ferment going on elsewhere in the country, with serious riots in Washington, DC and Baltimore and disturbances on many college campuses. Trinity’s demonstration was in keeping with its pattern of “gentlemanly” dissent throughout the sixties, and a reflection of most students’ real priorities. In the end, far more Trinity students demonstrated against the abortive ban on liquor than ever demonstrated against discrimination or the Vietnam War.  At Trinity, at least, self-interest almost always trumped idealism.

"A Harebrained Outbreak on the Trinity Campus", Hartford Courant Editorial, April 25, 1968

Trinity College (1965-1969) Excerpt from Chapter 8.2 Freshman Year // Skip Schumacher

Chapter 8 Trinity College (1965-1969)

Trinity College in the Twentieth Century, by Peter J. and Anne H. Knapp / Chapter Six / Currents of Change

 

Chapter 5.4 Suzie Dog (1956-1970)

Chapter 5.3 Old Bonhomme School 1955-57

Chapter 5.2 Vacations 1952-62

Chapter 5.1 Covington Meadows 1956-65a

 

Chapter 5. ST. LOUIS (1955-1965)

 

Chapter 4.2 Counselor 1963-1964

Chapter 4.1 Camper 1953-1962

Chapter 4. SUMMER CAMP (1953-1964)

Veterans Day

Veterans Day is a time to honor those who have served, are serving, and will serve in our nation's armed forces.  In keeping with this tradition, the following is a brief history of my own family's service, which began in the Revolutionary War, and has continued to the present day.

The tradition of military service is very strong in the Schumaker family.  Members of my extended family have served honorably in the military at least as far back as the mid-18^th Century.  My 4th Great Grandfather, George Shoemaker, served in the Fairfax Militia in 1758 and, during the Revolutionary War, in Captain Baxter's Company of Rockingham Militia. During the 18th, 19^th and early 20^th Centuries, most of my direct ancestors were farmers and clergy, and, with the exception of the Turners, appear not to have entered military service.  This changed, however, with the beginning of the Second World War. 

My Father

My father, Fred L Schumaker, served as a Captain in the Army Engineers from 1943 to 1946.  He designed topographic models of Pacific Islands, including one of Iwo Jima.  Drawing on his experience in the aircraft industry in the 1930s, his specialty was designing combat airfields. My Uncle Joe Matthews also joined the Army during the war, serving as an Infantry officer in the Pacific Theater.  My Uncle Jack Flowers served in the Army as an Infantry officer during the Korean War, earning a bronze star, and my Uncle Shirley Dean Flowers was an Air Force pilot for much of the Cold War.

Over the years, the family has also endured its share of sacrifice.  During the Civil War, my Great Grandfather, Frederick Samuel Turner, fought for the Union.  He was captured by the Confederates, but survived the war and lived to the ripe old age of 77.  His brother, my Great Granduncle, George Butler Turner, was not so lucky.  He could have bought his way out of the Union draft by paying $300, but he volunteered instead. 
He was killed at the Battle of Missionary Ridge in 1863, but not before leaving a detailed chronicle of his military experiences in hundreds of letters sent back to his parents. 

Ned Dybvig

Perhaps most tragically, my cousin, Ned Turner Dybvig, was killed in action in Vietnam.  Ned was a talented artist and an athlete, and a graduate of Cornell.  He was in top physical shape and highly intelligent.  He was an outdoorsman and skydived for fun.  He was drafted, and joined the 101st Airborne in 1967.  He was killed in a firefight near the ancient capital of Hue in April of 1968. 

Admiralty Arch, Leningrad 1972

Finally, I was also drafted into the Army in October of 1969.  I served for four years, taking Russian for 15 months at the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, and then working for three years at the White House Communications Agency as a Russian translator and communications specialist.  My experience in the Army set me on a path to a Foreign Service career.  

Chapter 3.8 Moving to St. Louis

Chapter 3.7 First and Second Grade 1953-55 Florence Bernd School

Chapter 3.6 Kindergarten 1952

Chapter 3.5 Four Years Old 1951

Chapter 3.4 Three Years Old 1950

 

Chapter 3.3 Two Years Old 1949

 

Chapter 3.2 One Year Old 1948

Chapter 3.1 Early Memories 1947

Chapter 3. MACON (1947-1955)

Family Origins

Excerpt from Chapter 1
My Father, Fred L. Schumaker (1908-1963)

Family Origins.
Family legend has it that my father's remote ancestors were Pennsylvania Dutch, who came to America from Holland in the seventeenth century at the invitation of William Penn. They reputedly settled in Germantown, once known as Shoemakertown, which is now a part of Philadelphia. Legend also has it that one of the Shoemakers founded the first tavern in the state.

Like many legends, it appears that large portions of this “family history” have been mixed up with the histories of other, more illustrious settlers. There were Schumacher families, Dutch Quakers, who immigrated to Germantown in the 1680's from the city of Kreigsheim in the Palatinate. One Schumacher came over in 1683 as an indentured servant to Francis Daniel Pastorius, the founder of Germantown. In 1709, most these Schumachers were naturalized and changed their names to the English spelling. For most of the early 18th Century, they lived in a small community called “Shoemakersville,” which was near Germantown. The Schumachers did intermarry with the original thirteen families of Germantown, but, most importantly for this story, none of them were directly related to members of my own family, who came from an entirely different region of Europe.

My own genealogical research indicates that my father's ancestors were actually from Alsace-Lorraine. Most evidence suggests that they were Protestant German farmers living in and around present-day Cleebourg, a small town in Lower Alsace, although before that they probably lived in Holland. It is unknown exactly why the family immigrated to America, although it is likely that they did so as a result of religious persecution. Under Louis XIV, the French annexed Alsace-Lorraine in the late 1600's and attempted to impose the French language and Roman Catholicism on the local population, a policy my ancestors would naturally have resisted.




The Schumaker family in the mid-1920's:

L.J. and his children Frederick, Virginia, Dorothy and Elsie.

 
My father's 4th Great Grandfather, Rudolph Schumacher, immigrated to Loudoun County, Virginia in 1752, along with his wife and many of his seven children. My father's 3rd Great Grandfather, George Shoemaker, farmed in Loudoun County, Virginia. He was married to Anna Maria Barbara of Salzburg, Austria, and had 10 children. Dad's 2nd Great Grandfather, George Shoemaker, Jr., was a farmer. He married Margaret Miller and moved to Armstrong County, Western Pennsylvania, in 1802. They had 10 children. Dad's Great Grandfather, Daniel Shoemaker, was a Pennsylvania farmer. He married Catherine Ringer around 1830 and had 11 children. Dad's Grandfather, Lebbeus James Shoemaker, married Emily Coulter in 1878 and had six children. Lebbeus was a Protestant minister in Western Pennsylvania in the late 1800's and early 1900s. Dad's Father, my Grandfather, Lorraine James (L.J.) Schumaker, married Dora Turner in 1907 and had four children: Frederick (my father), Dorothy, Elsie and Virginia. L.J. Schumaker also started the American Cone and Pretzel Company in Philadelphia in the early 1900s, a growing business that remained in the family until the early 1960's. The Schumaker family has lived in America for eight generations.

Chapter 2. My Mother, Laura Schumaker Bappert (1923-2006)

Chapter 1. My Father, Frederick Lebbeus Schumaker (1908-1963)